In a new scientific opinion, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) says the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (HPAI H5N1) spreading from U.S. dairy cattle to Europe is very low. Still, experts warn that if the virus does arrive, the impact could be significant. EFSA is urging farmers and veterinarians to stay vigilant and strengthen surveillance for early detection.

At the request of the European Commission, EFSA assessed the likelihood of EU dairy cattle and poultry becoming infected with the H5N1 genotype currently infecting U.S. dairy herds. The agency also outlined measures to reduce risk, including trade restrictions from affected regions and thorough cleaning of milking equipment.

If an outbreak occurs, EFSA recommends coordinated action across the poultry and dairy sectors to minimize impact.

To prevent the spread of HPAI H5N1, as well as other HPAI strains already present in Europe, EFSA advises:

• Restricting cattle movement in affected areas
• Avoiding shared workers, vehicles, and equipment between farms
• Enforcing strict biosecurity protocols.

Pasteurized Milk is Safe

EFSA reviewed whether the virus could be transmitted through food. Concurring with existing literature on the subject, EFSA underlined that pasteurization and other thermal treatments are highly effective at inactivating the virus. However, the consumption of virus-contaminated raw (unpasteurized) milk, colostrum, or cream could still present a risk. Importantly, there have been no reported cases of foodborne human illness by HPAI H5N1 infection.

The current opinion builds on a July 2025 report by EFSA, which analyzed the HPAI situation in the U.S. and concluded that seasonal migration of wild birds and the importation of certain U.S. products, such as those containing raw milk, could be potential routes for the introduction of HPAI H5N1 into Europe.