The Scientific Committee of the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN) has released an updated literature review highlighting the growing influence of climate change on the transmission of foodborne pathogens. Climate change is increasingly recognized as a critical threat to food safety and public health, as shifting weather patterns—such as rising temperatures, fluctuating rainfall, and changes in humidity—alter the ecology, distribution, and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms.

Climate-Driven Shifts in Foodborne Pathogen Behavior

Scientific evidence indicates that higher temperatures promote the prevalence of microorganisms such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio. These pathogens thrive in warmer environments, which enhance their growth, survival, and infectivity. Similarly, humid and unstable conditions have been shown to favor the persistence and spread of enteric viruses and certain parasites.

Moreover, environmental stressors linked to climate change—such as extreme heat, drought, and pollution—may accelerate antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among foodborne pathogens. These stressors act as selective pressures, enabling resistant strains to survive conventional treatments and complicating control efforts across the food chain.

Globalization and Expanded Transmission Routes

The globalization of agri-food systems has further intensified the impact of climate change on food safety. International trade, coupled with the rising demand for fresh, exotic, and minimally processed foods, has expanded transmission routes and facilitated the introduction of pathogens into new regions. Practices such as mass transport of animals and food, use of wastewater in agriculture, and evolving consumption patterns have increased exposure to emerging and re-emerging pathogens, heightening the risk of outbreaks on a global scale.

Strengthening Surveillance and Regulatory Frameworks

To mitigate the risks posed by climate change, AESAN emphasizes the need to reinforce epidemiological surveillance systems through advanced technologies, including digital platforms for risk management. These tools enhance communication and coordination across the food chain, enabling rapid responses to health emergencies.

Adapting food safety regulations and protocols is also essential. Strategies such as promoting sustainable agricultural practices, monitoring irrigation water quality, and strengthening biosecurity in livestock production can significantly reduce the incidence of foodborne diseases.

Fostering Long-Term Food Systems Resilience

Beyond immediate threats, climate change poses long-term challenges to the resilience and sustainability of food systems. Continued interdisciplinary research is vital to deepen understanding of climate-pathogen interactions and to develop innovative solutions that protect public health.

International cooperation will be key in formulating effective mitigation and adaptation policies. Equally important is public education; raising awareness of food risks associated with climate change can foster responsible consumption habits and support safer, more sustainable food systems.

Investing in Microbiological Control Technologies

Preparing for extreme weather events, enhancing health infrastructure, and investing in microbiological control technologies are critical components of a comprehensive prevention strategy. These technologies include advanced filtration, ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, ozone treatment, and chlorination, as well as real-time monitoring systems and biosensors. Such tools enable rapid detection and response to microbiological contaminants in food and water, and on food contact surfaces.