Controlled Environment Agriculture, or CEA, is attracting attention and investment. It is the new "darling" of the produce world, replacing organic claims as the new "best" type of produce. Investment is chasing after market share in this category, with new indoor farms being built and existing farms being enlarged at a rapid pace. In the race to profitability, farms aim to expand to a size that will cover the fixed costs associated with these types of operations. The product focus is "high value, fast turn" or multiple-harvest products that can support a premium price.
CEA is still evolving and has many flavors. All types are characterized by a closed building that provides a controlled environment. Some systems use hydroponic growth structures. Others use artificial soil. Controlled addition of nutrients is virtually universal. Temperature, illumination, and humidity control are important factors for optimizing growth. Adding carbon dioxide appears to increase growth efficiency. Mastering all of these factors simultaneously is critical for profitability.